| Titre : |
Environmental geology |
| Type de document : |
texte imprimé |
| Auteurs : |
Carla W. Montgomery, Auteur |
| Mention d'édition : |
6e éd |
| Editeur : |
New York - New York - Etats-Unis : McGraw-Hill |
| Année de publication : |
2003 |
| Importance : |
XX+554 p. |
| Présentation : |
ill. en coul., cartes; couv. ill. en coul. |
| Format : |
28 cm |
| ISBN/ISSN/EAN : |
978-0-07-366195-3 |
| Note générale : |
Bibliogr. Index |
| Langues : |
Anglais (eng) |
| Catégories : |
Géologie de l'environnement
|
| Index. décimale : |
550 |
| Résumé : |
Intended for the introductory-level college course, the principal aim of this text is to present the student with a broad overview of environmental geology. The text looks both at how the earth developed into its present condition and where matters seem to be moving for the future.-publisher description |
| Note de contenu : |
SECTION 1. FOUNDATIONS: 1. AN OVERVIEW OF OUR PLANETARY ENVIRONMENT: Earth in space and time -- The early Solar System -- The planets -- Earth, then and now -- Life on Earth -- Geology, past and present -- The geologic perspective -- Geology and the scientific method -- The motivation to find answers -- Wheels within wheels : Earth cycles and systems -- Nature and rate of population growth -- Growth rates : causes and consequences -- Growth rate and doubling time -- Impacts of the human population -- Farmland and food supply -- Population and nonfood resources -- Uneven distribution of people and resources -- Disruption of natural systems -- Is extraterrestrial colonization a solution? -- Living geology box 1: reality in round numbers (or, how many is a crowd?) -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 2. ROCKS AND MINERALS, A FIRST LOOK -- Atoms, elements, isotopes, ions, and compounds -- Atomic structure -- Elements and isotopes -- Ions -- Compounds -- Minerals, general -- Minerals defined -- Identifying characteristics of minerals -- Other physical properties of minerals -- Types of minerals -- Silicates -- Nonsilicates -- Rocks -- Living geology box 2: minerals, risky business? -- The rock cycle -- Igneous rocks -- Sediments and sedimentary rocks -- Metamorphic rocks -- The rock cycle revisited -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 2. INTERNAL PROCESSES: 3. PLATE TECTONICS: Plate tectonics, general principles -- Stress and strain in geologic materials -- Lithosphere and asthenosphere -- Locating plate boundaries -- Plate movements, accumulating evidence -- The topography of the sea floor -- Magnetism in rocks, general -- Paleomagnetism and seafloor spreading -- Age of the ocean floor -- Polar-wander curves -- Other evidence -- Types of plate boundaries -- Divergent plate boundaries -- Transform boundaries -- Convergent plate boundaries -- How fare, how fast, how long, how come? -- Past motions, present velocities -- Living geology box 3: subduction zones, disposal zones? -- Why do plates move? -- History of plate tectonics -- Plate tectonics and the rock cycle -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 4. EARTHQUAKES: Earthquakes, basic theory -- Basic terms -- Earthquake locations -- Seismic waves and earthquake severity -- Seismic waves -- Locating the epicenter -- Magnitude and intensity -- Earthquake-related hazards and their reduction -- Ground motion -- Ground failure -- Tsunamis and coastal effects -- Fire -- Earthquake prediction and forecasting -- Seismic gaps -- Earthquake precursors and prediction -- Current status of earthquake prediction -- The earthquake cycle and forecasting -- Earthquake control? -- Earthquake awareness, public response -- Concerns related to predictions -- Public response to earthquake hazards -- Further thoughts on modern and future U.S. and Canadian earthquakes -- Ares of widely recognized risk -- Living geology Box 4: "earthquake-proof" buildings? -- Other potential problem areas -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 5. VOLCANOS: Magma sources and types -- Kinds and locations of volcanic activity -- Individual volcanoes, locations -- Seafloor spreading ridges, fissure eruptions -- Shield volcanoes -- Volcanic domes -- Cinder cones -- Composite volcanoes -- Hazards related to volcanoes -- Lava -- Pyroclastics -- Lahars -- Pyroclastic flows, nuées ardentes -- Toxic gases -- Steam explosions -- Secondary effects : climate and atmospheric chemistry -- Issues in predicting volcanic eruptions -- Classification of volcanoes by activity -- Volcanic precursors -- Living geology box 5: all the land's a lava flow ... -- Response to eruption predictions -- Present and future volcanic hazards in the United States -- Hawaii -- Cascade Range -- The Aleutians -- Long Valley and Yellowstone Calderas -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 3. SURFACE PROCESSES: 6. STREAMS AND FLOODING: The hydrologic cycle -- Streams and their features -- Streams, general -- Velocity, gradient, and base level -- Velocity and sediment sorting and deposition -- Channel and floodplain evolution -- Flooding -- Factors governing flood severity -- Flood characteristics -- Stream hydrographs -- Flood-frequency curves -- Consequences of development in floodplains -- Reasons for floodplain occupation -- Effects of development on flood hazards -- Strategies for reducing flood hazards -- Restrictive zoning and "floodproofing" -- Retention ponds, diversion channels -- Channelization -- Living geology box 6: looking out for the "flash" in "flash floods" -- Levees -- Flood-control dams and reservoirs -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 7. COASTAL ZONES AND PROCESSES: Nature of the coastline -- Emergent and submergent coastlines -- Causes of long-term sea-level change -- Signs of changing relative sea level -- Coastal erosion, sediment deposition and transport -- Sand transport and beach erosion -- Cliff erosion -- Especially difficult coastal environments -- Barrier islands -- Estuaries -- Weather, climate, and coastal dynamics -- Present and future sea-level trends -- Storms and coastal erosion -- Costs of construction, and reconstruction, in high-energy environments -- Recognition of coastal hazards -- Living geology box 7: Now you see it, now you don't -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 8. Mass movements -- Factors influencing slope stability -- Effects of slope and materials -- Effects of fluid -- Effects of vegetation -- Earthquakes -- Quick clays -- Types of mass wasting -- Falls -- Slumps and slides -- Flows and avalanches -- Scales and rates of movements -- Consequences of mass movements -- Impact of human activities -- In harm's way #1 : the Vaiont Dam -- In harm's way #2 : the Venezuelan coast -- Possible preventive measures -- Slope reduction -- Retention structures -- Fluid removal -- Other slope-stabilization measures -- Recognizing the hazards -- Landslide warnings? -- Living geology box 8: watching the slippery slope -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 9. GEOLOGY AND CLIMATE: GLACIERS, DESERTS, AND GLOBAL CLIMATE TRENDS: Glaciers and glacial features -- Glacier formation -- Types of glaciers -- Movement and change of glaciers -- Glacial erosion and deposition -- Glaciers as a water source -- Wind and its geologic impacts -- Wind erosion -- Wind deposition -- Dune migration -- Loess -- Deserts and desertification -- Causes of natural deserts -- Desertification -- Causes of desertification -- Desertification in the United States -- Global impact of desertification -- Global climate, past and present -- Living geology box 9: climate, blowing hot and cold -- Evidence of climates past -- Ice ages and their possible causes -- Climate, present and future -- The greenhouse effect and global warming -- Climate change is more than global warming -- Winds and currents, climate and commerce : El Niño -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 4. RESOURCES: Resources, people, and standards of living -- Projection of resource supply and demand -- 10. WATER AS A RESOURCE: The global water budget -- Fluid storage and movement: porosity and permeability -- Subsurface waters -- Aquifer geometry -- Confined and unconfined aquifers -- Other factors in water availability -- Consequences of groundwater withdrawal -- Lowering the water table -- Compaction and surface subsidence -- Saltwater intrusion -- Other impacts of urbanization on groundwater systems -- Loss of recharge -- Artificial recharge -- Other features involving subsurface water -- Sinkholes -- Karst -- Water quality -- Measures of water quality -- Hard water -- Water use, water supply -- General U.S. water use -- Surface water versus ground water as supply -- Living geology box 10: what's in the water? -- Regional variations in water use -- Case studies in water consumption -- The Colorado River basin -- The high plains (Ogallala) aquifer system -- The Aral Sea -- Extending the water supply -- Conservation -- Interbasin water transfer -- Desalination -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 11. SOIL AS A RESOURCE: Soil formation -- Soil-forming processes: weathering -- Soil profiles, soil horizons -- Chemical and physical properties of soils -- Color, texture, and structure of soils -- Soil classification -- Soils and human activities -- Lateritic soil -- Wetland soils -- Soil erosion -- Soil erosion versus soil formation -- Strategies for reducing erosion -- Irrigation and soil chemistry -- The soil resource, the global view -- Living geology box 11: unintended consequences -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 12. MINERAL AND ROCK RESOURCES: Ore deposits -- Definition -- Distribution -- Types of mineral deposits -- Igneous rocks and magmatic deposits -- Hydrothermal ores -- Relationship to plate margins -- Sedimentary deposits -- Other low-temperature ore-forming processes -- Metamorphic deposits -- Mineral and rock resources, examples -- Metals -- Nonmetallic minerals -- Rock resources -- Mineral supply and demand -- U.S. mineral production and consumption -- World mineral supply and demand -- Minerals for the future : some options considered -- New methods in mineral exploration -- Marine mineral resources -- Conservation of mineral resources -- Living geology box 12: what's in a 12-ounce can? -- Impacts of mining activities -- Underground mines -- Surface mines -- Mineral processing -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 13. ENERGY RESOURCES< FOSSIL FUELS: Oil and natural gas -- Formation of oil and gas deposits -- Oil and gas migration -- The time factor -- Supply and demand for oil and natural gas -- Oil -- U.S. oil supplies -- Natural gas -- Future prospects -- Enhanced oil recovery -- Geopressurized natural gas and other alternative gas sources -- Conservation -- Oil spills -- Living geology box 13: energy prices, energy uses -- Coal -- Formation of coal deposits -- Coal reserves and resources -- Limitations on coal use -- Gasification -- Liquefaction -- Environmental impacts of coal use -- Sulfur in coal -- Ash -- Coal-mining hazards and environmental impacts -- Oil shale -- Tar sand -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 14. ENERGY RESOURCES, ALTERNATIVE SOURCES: Nuclear power, fission -- Fission, basic principles -- The geology of uranium deposits -- Extending the nuclear fuel supply -- Concerns related to nuclear reactor safety -- Concerns related to fuel handling -- Radioactive wastes -- Risk assessment, risk projection -- Concluding observations -- Nuclear power, fusion -- Solar energy -- Solar heating -- Solar electricity -- Potential environmental impacts of large-scale commitment to solar electricity -- Solar energy summary -- Geothermal power -- The geothermal resource -- Applications of geothermal energy -- Environmental considerations of geothermal power -- Limitations on geothermal power -- Alternative geothermal sources -- Summary of geothermal potential -- Hydropower -- Limitations on hydropower development -- Tidal power -- Wind energy -- Living geology box 14: the Educational Bill -- Biomass -- Alcohol as fuel -- Biogas -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 5. WASTE DISPOSAL: 15. WASTE DISPOSAL: Solid wastes, general -- Municipal waste disposal -- Open dumps -- Sanitary landfills -- Incineration -- Ocean dumping -- Reducing waste volume -- Handling (nontoxic) organic matter -- Recycling -- Living geology box 15: decisions, decisions ... -- Other options -- Liquid-waste disposal -- Secure landfills -- Deep-well disposal -- Other strategies -- Sewage treatment -- Septic systems -- Municipal sewage treatment -- The ghost of toxins past : Superfund -- Radioactive wastes -- Radioactive decay -- Effects of radiation -- Nature of radioactive wastes -- Historical suggestions : space, ice, and plate tectonics -- Seabed disposal -- Bedrock caverns for liquid waste -- Bedrock disposal of solid high-level wastes -- Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) -- The long road to Yucca Mountain -- No high-level radioactive waste disposal yet -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 16. WATER POLLUTION: General principles -- Geochemical cycles -- Residence time -- Residence time and pollution -- Point and nonpoint pollution sources -- Industrial pollution -- Inorganic pollutants, metals -- Other inorganic pollutants -- Organic compounds -- Problems of control -- Thermal pollution -- Organic matter -- Nature and impacts -- Biochemical oxygen demand -- Eutrophication -- Agricultural pollution -- Fertilizers -- Living geology box 16: clogging with kindness? -- Sediment pollution -- Herbicides and pesticides -- Reversing the damage, surface water -- Dredging -- Physical isolation or chemical treatment of sediments -- Decontamination : aeration -- Groundwater pollution -- The surface, ground water connection explored -- Reversing the damage, groundwater -- In situ decontamination -- Decontamination after extraction -- Damage control by containment, the Rocky Mountain arsenal -- New technology meets problems from the past : California Gulch Superfund Site, Leadville, Colorado -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 17. AIR POLLUTION: Atmospheric chemistry, cycles and residence times -- Costs of air pollution -- Types and sources of air pollution -- Particulates -- Carbon gases -- Sulfur gases -- Nitrogen gases -- Ozone and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) -- Lead -- Other pollutants -- Acid rain -- The nature of acid rain -- Regional variations in rainfall acidity and impacts -- Living geology box 17: indoor air pollution? -- Air pollution and weather -- Thermal inversion -- Impact on precipitation -- Toward air-pollution control -- Air-quality standards -- Control methods -- Automobile emissions -- Cost and effect -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 6. OTHER RELATED TOPICS: 18. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: Resource law: water -- Surface-water law -- Groundwater law -- Resource law : minerals and fuels -- Mineral rights -- Mine reclamation -- international resource disputes -- Law of the sea and exclusive economic zones -- Antarctica -- Pollution and its control -- A clean environment, by what right? -- Water pollution -- Air pollution -- Waste disposal -- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -- Defining limits of pollution -- The Canadian Environmental Protection Act -- International initiatives -- Cost-benefit analysis -- Problems of quantification -- Cost-benefit analysis and the federal government -- Laws relating to geologic hazards -- Construction controls -- Other responses to earthquake hazards -- Flood hazards, flood insurance -- Problems with geologic-hazard mitigation laws -- The National Environmental Policy Act (1969) -- Living geology box 18: floodplain? What floodplain? -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 19. LAND-USE PLANNING AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY: Land-use planning, why? -- Conversion of rural land -- Some considerations in planning -- Land-use options -- Multiple use -- Sequential use -- The federal government and land-use planning -- Maps as a planning tool -- Engineering geology, some considerations -- The role of testing and scale modeling -- Case histories, old and new -- The Leaning Tower of Pisa -- Living geology box 19: how green is my, golf course? - The Panama Canal -- The Rotterdam Subway, Holland -- Dams and their failures -- The St. Francis Dam -- Other examples and issues -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- APPENDIX: A. GEOLOGIC TIME, GEOLOGIC PROCESS RATES: Introduction -- Relative dating -- Arranging events in order -- Correlation -- Uniformitarianism -- How old is the Earth? -- Early efforts -- The nineteenth-century view -- Radiometric dating -- The discovery of radioactivity -- Radioactive decay and dating -- Choice of an isotopic system -- Radiometric and relative ages combined -- The geologic time scale -- Geologic process rates -- Examples of rate determination -- The danger of extrapolation -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Suggested readings/references -- B. INTRODICTION TO TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC MAPS AND SATELLITE IMAGERY: Maps and scale -- Topographic maps -- Contour lines, contour intervals -- Other features on standard topographic maps -- Obtaining topographic maps -- Geologic maps -- Basic concepts related to geologic maps -- Interpretation from geologic maps, examples -- Cross sections -- Obtaining geologic maps -- Remote sensing and satellite imagery -- Landsat images and applications -- Radar imaging -- Imaging spectroscopy -- Terms to remember -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- C. MINERAL AND ROCK IDENTIFICATION: Mineral identification -- A note on mineral formulas -- Rock identification -- D. Units of measurement, conversions -- Glossary |
Environmental geology [texte imprimé] / Carla W. Montgomery, Auteur . - 6e éd . - New York - New York - Etats-Unis (New York - New York - Etats-Unis) : McGraw-Hill, 2003 . - XX+554 p. : ill. en coul., cartes; couv. ill. en coul. ; 28 cm. ISSN : 978-0-07-366195-3 Bibliogr. Index Langues : Anglais ( eng)
| Catégories : |
Géologie de l'environnement
|
| Index. décimale : |
550 |
| Résumé : |
Intended for the introductory-level college course, the principal aim of this text is to present the student with a broad overview of environmental geology. The text looks both at how the earth developed into its present condition and where matters seem to be moving for the future.-publisher description |
| Note de contenu : |
SECTION 1. FOUNDATIONS: 1. AN OVERVIEW OF OUR PLANETARY ENVIRONMENT: Earth in space and time -- The early Solar System -- The planets -- Earth, then and now -- Life on Earth -- Geology, past and present -- The geologic perspective -- Geology and the scientific method -- The motivation to find answers -- Wheels within wheels : Earth cycles and systems -- Nature and rate of population growth -- Growth rates : causes and consequences -- Growth rate and doubling time -- Impacts of the human population -- Farmland and food supply -- Population and nonfood resources -- Uneven distribution of people and resources -- Disruption of natural systems -- Is extraterrestrial colonization a solution? -- Living geology box 1: reality in round numbers (or, how many is a crowd?) -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 2. ROCKS AND MINERALS, A FIRST LOOK -- Atoms, elements, isotopes, ions, and compounds -- Atomic structure -- Elements and isotopes -- Ions -- Compounds -- Minerals, general -- Minerals defined -- Identifying characteristics of minerals -- Other physical properties of minerals -- Types of minerals -- Silicates -- Nonsilicates -- Rocks -- Living geology box 2: minerals, risky business? -- The rock cycle -- Igneous rocks -- Sediments and sedimentary rocks -- Metamorphic rocks -- The rock cycle revisited -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 2. INTERNAL PROCESSES: 3. PLATE TECTONICS: Plate tectonics, general principles -- Stress and strain in geologic materials -- Lithosphere and asthenosphere -- Locating plate boundaries -- Plate movements, accumulating evidence -- The topography of the sea floor -- Magnetism in rocks, general -- Paleomagnetism and seafloor spreading -- Age of the ocean floor -- Polar-wander curves -- Other evidence -- Types of plate boundaries -- Divergent plate boundaries -- Transform boundaries -- Convergent plate boundaries -- How fare, how fast, how long, how come? -- Past motions, present velocities -- Living geology box 3: subduction zones, disposal zones? -- Why do plates move? -- History of plate tectonics -- Plate tectonics and the rock cycle -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 4. EARTHQUAKES: Earthquakes, basic theory -- Basic terms -- Earthquake locations -- Seismic waves and earthquake severity -- Seismic waves -- Locating the epicenter -- Magnitude and intensity -- Earthquake-related hazards and their reduction -- Ground motion -- Ground failure -- Tsunamis and coastal effects -- Fire -- Earthquake prediction and forecasting -- Seismic gaps -- Earthquake precursors and prediction -- Current status of earthquake prediction -- The earthquake cycle and forecasting -- Earthquake control? -- Earthquake awareness, public response -- Concerns related to predictions -- Public response to earthquake hazards -- Further thoughts on modern and future U.S. and Canadian earthquakes -- Ares of widely recognized risk -- Living geology Box 4: "earthquake-proof" buildings? -- Other potential problem areas -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 5. VOLCANOS: Magma sources and types -- Kinds and locations of volcanic activity -- Individual volcanoes, locations -- Seafloor spreading ridges, fissure eruptions -- Shield volcanoes -- Volcanic domes -- Cinder cones -- Composite volcanoes -- Hazards related to volcanoes -- Lava -- Pyroclastics -- Lahars -- Pyroclastic flows, nuées ardentes -- Toxic gases -- Steam explosions -- Secondary effects : climate and atmospheric chemistry -- Issues in predicting volcanic eruptions -- Classification of volcanoes by activity -- Volcanic precursors -- Living geology box 5: all the land's a lava flow ... -- Response to eruption predictions -- Present and future volcanic hazards in the United States -- Hawaii -- Cascade Range -- The Aleutians -- Long Valley and Yellowstone Calderas -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 3. SURFACE PROCESSES: 6. STREAMS AND FLOODING: The hydrologic cycle -- Streams and their features -- Streams, general -- Velocity, gradient, and base level -- Velocity and sediment sorting and deposition -- Channel and floodplain evolution -- Flooding -- Factors governing flood severity -- Flood characteristics -- Stream hydrographs -- Flood-frequency curves -- Consequences of development in floodplains -- Reasons for floodplain occupation -- Effects of development on flood hazards -- Strategies for reducing flood hazards -- Restrictive zoning and "floodproofing" -- Retention ponds, diversion channels -- Channelization -- Living geology box 6: looking out for the "flash" in "flash floods" -- Levees -- Flood-control dams and reservoirs -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 7. COASTAL ZONES AND PROCESSES: Nature of the coastline -- Emergent and submergent coastlines -- Causes of long-term sea-level change -- Signs of changing relative sea level -- Coastal erosion, sediment deposition and transport -- Sand transport and beach erosion -- Cliff erosion -- Especially difficult coastal environments -- Barrier islands -- Estuaries -- Weather, climate, and coastal dynamics -- Present and future sea-level trends -- Storms and coastal erosion -- Costs of construction, and reconstruction, in high-energy environments -- Recognition of coastal hazards -- Living geology box 7: Now you see it, now you don't -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 8. Mass movements -- Factors influencing slope stability -- Effects of slope and materials -- Effects of fluid -- Effects of vegetation -- Earthquakes -- Quick clays -- Types of mass wasting -- Falls -- Slumps and slides -- Flows and avalanches -- Scales and rates of movements -- Consequences of mass movements -- Impact of human activities -- In harm's way #1 : the Vaiont Dam -- In harm's way #2 : the Venezuelan coast -- Possible preventive measures -- Slope reduction -- Retention structures -- Fluid removal -- Other slope-stabilization measures -- Recognizing the hazards -- Landslide warnings? -- Living geology box 8: watching the slippery slope -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 9. GEOLOGY AND CLIMATE: GLACIERS, DESERTS, AND GLOBAL CLIMATE TRENDS: Glaciers and glacial features -- Glacier formation -- Types of glaciers -- Movement and change of glaciers -- Glacial erosion and deposition -- Glaciers as a water source -- Wind and its geologic impacts -- Wind erosion -- Wind deposition -- Dune migration -- Loess -- Deserts and desertification -- Causes of natural deserts -- Desertification -- Causes of desertification -- Desertification in the United States -- Global impact of desertification -- Global climate, past and present -- Living geology box 9: climate, blowing hot and cold -- Evidence of climates past -- Ice ages and their possible causes -- Climate, present and future -- The greenhouse effect and global warming -- Climate change is more than global warming -- Winds and currents, climate and commerce : El Niño -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 4. RESOURCES: Resources, people, and standards of living -- Projection of resource supply and demand -- 10. WATER AS A RESOURCE: The global water budget -- Fluid storage and movement: porosity and permeability -- Subsurface waters -- Aquifer geometry -- Confined and unconfined aquifers -- Other factors in water availability -- Consequences of groundwater withdrawal -- Lowering the water table -- Compaction and surface subsidence -- Saltwater intrusion -- Other impacts of urbanization on groundwater systems -- Loss of recharge -- Artificial recharge -- Other features involving subsurface water -- Sinkholes -- Karst -- Water quality -- Measures of water quality -- Hard water -- Water use, water supply -- General U.S. water use -- Surface water versus ground water as supply -- Living geology box 10: what's in the water? -- Regional variations in water use -- Case studies in water consumption -- The Colorado River basin -- The high plains (Ogallala) aquifer system -- The Aral Sea -- Extending the water supply -- Conservation -- Interbasin water transfer -- Desalination -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 11. SOIL AS A RESOURCE: Soil formation -- Soil-forming processes: weathering -- Soil profiles, soil horizons -- Chemical and physical properties of soils -- Color, texture, and structure of soils -- Soil classification -- Soils and human activities -- Lateritic soil -- Wetland soils -- Soil erosion -- Soil erosion versus soil formation -- Strategies for reducing erosion -- Irrigation and soil chemistry -- The soil resource, the global view -- Living geology box 11: unintended consequences -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 12. MINERAL AND ROCK RESOURCES: Ore deposits -- Definition -- Distribution -- Types of mineral deposits -- Igneous rocks and magmatic deposits -- Hydrothermal ores -- Relationship to plate margins -- Sedimentary deposits -- Other low-temperature ore-forming processes -- Metamorphic deposits -- Mineral and rock resources, examples -- Metals -- Nonmetallic minerals -- Rock resources -- Mineral supply and demand -- U.S. mineral production and consumption -- World mineral supply and demand -- Minerals for the future : some options considered -- New methods in mineral exploration -- Marine mineral resources -- Conservation of mineral resources -- Living geology box 12: what's in a 12-ounce can? -- Impacts of mining activities -- Underground mines -- Surface mines -- Mineral processing -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 13. ENERGY RESOURCES< FOSSIL FUELS: Oil and natural gas -- Formation of oil and gas deposits -- Oil and gas migration -- The time factor -- Supply and demand for oil and natural gas -- Oil -- U.S. oil supplies -- Natural gas -- Future prospects -- Enhanced oil recovery -- Geopressurized natural gas and other alternative gas sources -- Conservation -- Oil spills -- Living geology box 13: energy prices, energy uses -- Coal -- Formation of coal deposits -- Coal reserves and resources -- Limitations on coal use -- Gasification -- Liquefaction -- Environmental impacts of coal use -- Sulfur in coal -- Ash -- Coal-mining hazards and environmental impacts -- Oil shale -- Tar sand -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 14. ENERGY RESOURCES, ALTERNATIVE SOURCES: Nuclear power, fission -- Fission, basic principles -- The geology of uranium deposits -- Extending the nuclear fuel supply -- Concerns related to nuclear reactor safety -- Concerns related to fuel handling -- Radioactive wastes -- Risk assessment, risk projection -- Concluding observations -- Nuclear power, fusion -- Solar energy -- Solar heating -- Solar electricity -- Potential environmental impacts of large-scale commitment to solar electricity -- Solar energy summary -- Geothermal power -- The geothermal resource -- Applications of geothermal energy -- Environmental considerations of geothermal power -- Limitations on geothermal power -- Alternative geothermal sources -- Summary of geothermal potential -- Hydropower -- Limitations on hydropower development -- Tidal power -- Wind energy -- Living geology box 14: the Educational Bill -- Biomass -- Alcohol as fuel -- Biogas -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 5. WASTE DISPOSAL: 15. WASTE DISPOSAL: Solid wastes, general -- Municipal waste disposal -- Open dumps -- Sanitary landfills -- Incineration -- Ocean dumping -- Reducing waste volume -- Handling (nontoxic) organic matter -- Recycling -- Living geology box 15: decisions, decisions ... -- Other options -- Liquid-waste disposal -- Secure landfills -- Deep-well disposal -- Other strategies -- Sewage treatment -- Septic systems -- Municipal sewage treatment -- The ghost of toxins past : Superfund -- Radioactive wastes -- Radioactive decay -- Effects of radiation -- Nature of radioactive wastes -- Historical suggestions : space, ice, and plate tectonics -- Seabed disposal -- Bedrock caverns for liquid waste -- Bedrock disposal of solid high-level wastes -- Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) -- The long road to Yucca Mountain -- No high-level radioactive waste disposal yet -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 16. WATER POLLUTION: General principles -- Geochemical cycles -- Residence time -- Residence time and pollution -- Point and nonpoint pollution sources -- Industrial pollution -- Inorganic pollutants, metals -- Other inorganic pollutants -- Organic compounds -- Problems of control -- Thermal pollution -- Organic matter -- Nature and impacts -- Biochemical oxygen demand -- Eutrophication -- Agricultural pollution -- Fertilizers -- Living geology box 16: clogging with kindness? -- Sediment pollution -- Herbicides and pesticides -- Reversing the damage, surface water -- Dredging -- Physical isolation or chemical treatment of sediments -- Decontamination : aeration -- Groundwater pollution -- The surface, ground water connection explored -- Reversing the damage, groundwater -- In situ decontamination -- Decontamination after extraction -- Damage control by containment, the Rocky Mountain arsenal -- New technology meets problems from the past : California Gulch Superfund Site, Leadville, Colorado -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 17. AIR POLLUTION: Atmospheric chemistry, cycles and residence times -- Costs of air pollution -- Types and sources of air pollution -- Particulates -- Carbon gases -- Sulfur gases -- Nitrogen gases -- Ozone and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) -- Lead -- Other pollutants -- Acid rain -- The nature of acid rain -- Regional variations in rainfall acidity and impacts -- Living geology box 17: indoor air pollution? -- Air pollution and weather -- Thermal inversion -- Impact on precipitation -- Toward air-pollution control -- Air-quality standards -- Control methods -- Automobile emissions -- Cost and effect -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- SECTION 6. OTHER RELATED TOPICS: 18. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: Resource law: water -- Surface-water law -- Groundwater law -- Resource law : minerals and fuels -- Mineral rights -- Mine reclamation -- international resource disputes -- Law of the sea and exclusive economic zones -- Antarctica -- Pollution and its control -- A clean environment, by what right? -- Water pollution -- Air pollution -- Waste disposal -- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -- Defining limits of pollution -- The Canadian Environmental Protection Act -- International initiatives -- Cost-benefit analysis -- Problems of quantification -- Cost-benefit analysis and the federal government -- Laws relating to geologic hazards -- Construction controls -- Other responses to earthquake hazards -- Flood hazards, flood insurance -- Problems with geologic-hazard mitigation laws -- The National Environmental Policy Act (1969) -- Living geology box 18: floodplain? What floodplain? -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- 19. LAND-USE PLANNING AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY: Land-use planning, why? -- Conversion of rural land -- Some considerations in planning -- Land-use options -- Multiple use -- Sequential use -- The federal government and land-use planning -- Maps as a planning tool -- Engineering geology, some considerations -- The role of testing and scale modeling -- Case histories, old and new -- The Leaning Tower of Pisa -- Living geology box 19: how green is my, golf course? - The Panama Canal -- The Rotterdam Subway, Holland -- Dams and their failures -- The St. Francis Dam -- Other examples and issues -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Exercises -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- APPENDIX: A. GEOLOGIC TIME, GEOLOGIC PROCESS RATES: Introduction -- Relative dating -- Arranging events in order -- Correlation -- Uniformitarianism -- How old is the Earth? -- Early efforts -- The nineteenth-century view -- Radiometric dating -- The discovery of radioactivity -- Radioactive decay and dating -- Choice of an isotopic system -- Radiometric and relative ages combined -- The geologic time scale -- Geologic process rates -- Examples of rate determination -- The danger of extrapolation -- Summary -- Terms to remember -- Suggested readings/references -- B. INTRODICTION TO TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC MAPS AND SATELLITE IMAGERY: Maps and scale -- Topographic maps -- Contour lines, contour intervals -- Other features on standard topographic maps -- Obtaining topographic maps -- Geologic maps -- Basic concepts related to geologic maps -- Interpretation from geologic maps, examples -- Cross sections -- Obtaining geologic maps -- Remote sensing and satellite imagery -- Landsat images and applications -- Radar imaging -- Imaging spectroscopy -- Terms to remember -- Suggested readings/references -- Netnotes -- C. MINERAL AND ROCK IDENTIFICATION: Mineral identification -- A note on mineral formulas -- Rock identification -- D. Units of measurement, conversions -- Glossary |
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