| Titre : |
An introduction to scientific research |
| Type de document : |
texte imprimé |
| Auteurs : |
E. Bright [Edgar Bright] Wilson |
| Editeur : |
Toronto [Ontario - Canada] : McGraw-Hill |
| Année de publication : |
1952 |
| Importance : |
375 p. |
| Présentation : |
ill. |
| Format : |
24 cm |
| Note générale : |
Bibliogr. |
| Langues : |
Anglais (eng) |
| Catégories : |
Recherche ; Recherche scientifique ; Recherche scientifique -- Manuels ; Recherche scientifique -- Méthodologie ; Sciences
|
| Index. décimale : |
507.2 |
| Résumé : |
"This book is intended to assist scientists in planning and carrying out research. However, unlike most books dealing with the scientific method, which stress its philosophical rationale, this book is written from a practical standpoint. It contains a rich legacy of principles, maxims, procedures and general techniques that have been found useful in a wide range of sciences.While much of the material is accessible to a college senior, the book is more specifically intended for students beginning research and for those more experienced research workers who wish an introduction to various topics not included in their training. Mathematical treatments have been kept as elementary as possible to make the book accessible to a broad range of scientists. Its principles and rules can be absorbed to advantage by workers in such diverse fields as agriculture, industrial and military research, biology and medicine as well as in the physical sciences.After discussing such basics as the choice and statement of a research problem and elementary scientific method, Professor Wilson offers lucid and helpful discussions of the design of experiments and apparatus, execution of experiments, analysis of experimental data, errors of measurement, numerical computation and other topics. A final chapter treats the publication of research results.Although no book can substitute for actual scientific work, this highly pragmatic compendium contains much knowledge gained the hard way through years of actual practice. Moreover, the author has illustrated the ideas discussed with as many actual examples as possible. In addition, he has included notes and references at the end of each chapter to enable readers to investigate particular topics more deeply. E. Bright Wilson, Jr. is a distinguished scientist and educator whose previous works include Molecular Vibrations and" -- [Les résumés du fournisseur se limitent à 600 caractères] "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (with Linus Pauling). In the present book, he has distilled years of experiment and experience into an indispensable broad-based guide for any scientific worker tackling a research problem." |
| Note de contenu : |
Preface to the Dover Edition -- Preface to the First Edition --Introduction -- Ch. 1. The Choice and Statement of a Research Problem 1.1 Problems in Pure Science -- 1.2 Problems in Applied Science -- 1.3 The Cost of Experiments -- 1.4 Priority and Similar Questions -- 1.5 Moral Considerations -- Ch. 2. Searching the Literature: 2.1 Necessity for a Search -- 2.2 The Structure of the Scientific Literature -- 2.3 Suggestions for Searching -- 2.4 Notes and Indexes -- Ch. 3. Elementary Scientific Method: 3.1 Authority in Science -- 3.2 Observation and Description -- 3.3 Cause and Effect -- 3.4 Analysis and Synthesis -- 3.5 Hypothesis -- 3.6 Deduction -- 3.7 The Testing of Hypotheses -- 3.8 Models and Mathematics -- 3.9 The Search for Causes -- 3.10 Fallacies -- 3.11 Notes and References -- Ch. 4. The Design of Experiments: 4.1 Some First Principles -- 4.2 Variables -- 4.3 Comparative versus Absolute Measurements -- 4.4 Choice of Sample -- 4.5 Controls and Standards -- 4.6 Psychological Bias -- 4.7 Replication -- 4.8 Factorial Design -- 4.9 Irrelevant Variables -- 4.10 Randomization in Factorial and Other Experiments -- 4.11 Level of Significance -- 4.12 Fractional Replication and Confounding -- 4.13 Latin Squares -- 4.14 Detection of Rare Events -- 4.15 Notes and References -- Ch. 5. The Design of Apparatus: 5.1 The Need for Specifications -- 5.2 Improvisation versus Planning -- 5.3 The Importance of Accessibility and Demountability -- 5.4 Questions of Operating Convenience -- 5.5 Test Facilities; --5.6 Control of Disturbing Factors -- 5.7 Direct versus Null Measurements -- 5.8 Calibration and Standards -- 5.9 Use of Standard Parts -- 5.10 Interconnection of Adjustments -- 5.11 Automatic Recording and Other Automatic Mechanisms -- 5.12 Amplification and Magnification -- 5.13 Measurement of Quantities Which Vary with Time -- 5.14 Matching of Impedances -- 5.15 Feedback -- 5.16 Servo Systems -- 5.17 Modulation -- 5.18 Kinematic Design -- 5.19 Wear in Mechanical Parts -- 5.20 Use of Self-correcting Methods of Manufacture -- 5.21 Some Remarks on Electrical Apparatus -- 5.22 Some Remarks on Optical Apparatus -- 5.23 "Noise" as a Fundamental Limitation on All Measurements -- 5.24 Some Causes of Failure -- 5.25 Notes and References -- Ch. 6. The Execution of Experiments: 6.1 Some General Suggestions -- 6.2 Notebooks and Records -- 6.3 Psychological Questions -- 6.4 Bringing an Apparatus under Control -- 6.5 Search Principles -- 6.6 Trouble Shooting -- 6.7 Getting the Most out of Observations -- 6.8 Notes and References -- Ch. 7. Classification, Sampling, and Measurement -- 7.1 Classes of Things: 7.2 Practical Definition of Classes -- 7.3 Induction - 7.4 Sampling -- 7.5 Induction in Science -- 7.6 Further Remarks on Sampling -- 7.7 The Definition of Measurable Scientific Quantities -- 7.8 The Operational Viewpoint -- 7.9 Notes and References -- Ch. 8. The Analysis of Experimental Data: 8.1 The Testing of Hypotheses -- 8.2 Testing More Complex Hypotheses |
An introduction to scientific research [texte imprimé] / E. Bright [Edgar Bright] Wilson . - Toronto [Ontario - Canada] (Toronto [Ontario - Canada]) : McGraw-Hill, 1952 . - 375 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais ( eng)
| Catégories : |
Recherche ; Recherche scientifique ; Recherche scientifique -- Manuels ; Recherche scientifique -- Méthodologie ; Sciences
|
| Index. décimale : |
507.2 |
| Résumé : |
"This book is intended to assist scientists in planning and carrying out research. However, unlike most books dealing with the scientific method, which stress its philosophical rationale, this book is written from a practical standpoint. It contains a rich legacy of principles, maxims, procedures and general techniques that have been found useful in a wide range of sciences.While much of the material is accessible to a college senior, the book is more specifically intended for students beginning research and for those more experienced research workers who wish an introduction to various topics not included in their training. Mathematical treatments have been kept as elementary as possible to make the book accessible to a broad range of scientists. Its principles and rules can be absorbed to advantage by workers in such diverse fields as agriculture, industrial and military research, biology and medicine as well as in the physical sciences.After discussing such basics as the choice and statement of a research problem and elementary scientific method, Professor Wilson offers lucid and helpful discussions of the design of experiments and apparatus, execution of experiments, analysis of experimental data, errors of measurement, numerical computation and other topics. A final chapter treats the publication of research results.Although no book can substitute for actual scientific work, this highly pragmatic compendium contains much knowledge gained the hard way through years of actual practice. Moreover, the author has illustrated the ideas discussed with as many actual examples as possible. In addition, he has included notes and references at the end of each chapter to enable readers to investigate particular topics more deeply. E. Bright Wilson, Jr. is a distinguished scientist and educator whose previous works include Molecular Vibrations and" -- [Les résumés du fournisseur se limitent à 600 caractères] "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (with Linus Pauling). In the present book, he has distilled years of experiment and experience into an indispensable broad-based guide for any scientific worker tackling a research problem." |
| Note de contenu : |
Preface to the Dover Edition -- Preface to the First Edition --Introduction -- Ch. 1. The Choice and Statement of a Research Problem 1.1 Problems in Pure Science -- 1.2 Problems in Applied Science -- 1.3 The Cost of Experiments -- 1.4 Priority and Similar Questions -- 1.5 Moral Considerations -- Ch. 2. Searching the Literature: 2.1 Necessity for a Search -- 2.2 The Structure of the Scientific Literature -- 2.3 Suggestions for Searching -- 2.4 Notes and Indexes -- Ch. 3. Elementary Scientific Method: 3.1 Authority in Science -- 3.2 Observation and Description -- 3.3 Cause and Effect -- 3.4 Analysis and Synthesis -- 3.5 Hypothesis -- 3.6 Deduction -- 3.7 The Testing of Hypotheses -- 3.8 Models and Mathematics -- 3.9 The Search for Causes -- 3.10 Fallacies -- 3.11 Notes and References -- Ch. 4. The Design of Experiments: 4.1 Some First Principles -- 4.2 Variables -- 4.3 Comparative versus Absolute Measurements -- 4.4 Choice of Sample -- 4.5 Controls and Standards -- 4.6 Psychological Bias -- 4.7 Replication -- 4.8 Factorial Design -- 4.9 Irrelevant Variables -- 4.10 Randomization in Factorial and Other Experiments -- 4.11 Level of Significance -- 4.12 Fractional Replication and Confounding -- 4.13 Latin Squares -- 4.14 Detection of Rare Events -- 4.15 Notes and References -- Ch. 5. The Design of Apparatus: 5.1 The Need for Specifications -- 5.2 Improvisation versus Planning -- 5.3 The Importance of Accessibility and Demountability -- 5.4 Questions of Operating Convenience -- 5.5 Test Facilities; --5.6 Control of Disturbing Factors -- 5.7 Direct versus Null Measurements -- 5.8 Calibration and Standards -- 5.9 Use of Standard Parts -- 5.10 Interconnection of Adjustments -- 5.11 Automatic Recording and Other Automatic Mechanisms -- 5.12 Amplification and Magnification -- 5.13 Measurement of Quantities Which Vary with Time -- 5.14 Matching of Impedances -- 5.15 Feedback -- 5.16 Servo Systems -- 5.17 Modulation -- 5.18 Kinematic Design -- 5.19 Wear in Mechanical Parts -- 5.20 Use of Self-correcting Methods of Manufacture -- 5.21 Some Remarks on Electrical Apparatus -- 5.22 Some Remarks on Optical Apparatus -- 5.23 "Noise" as a Fundamental Limitation on All Measurements -- 5.24 Some Causes of Failure -- 5.25 Notes and References -- Ch. 6. The Execution of Experiments: 6.1 Some General Suggestions -- 6.2 Notebooks and Records -- 6.3 Psychological Questions -- 6.4 Bringing an Apparatus under Control -- 6.5 Search Principles -- 6.6 Trouble Shooting -- 6.7 Getting the Most out of Observations -- 6.8 Notes and References -- Ch. 7. Classification, Sampling, and Measurement -- 7.1 Classes of Things: 7.2 Practical Definition of Classes -- 7.3 Induction - 7.4 Sampling -- 7.5 Induction in Science -- 7.6 Further Remarks on Sampling -- 7.7 The Definition of Measurable Scientific Quantities -- 7.8 The Operational Viewpoint -- 7.9 Notes and References -- Ch. 8. The Analysis of Experimental Data: 8.1 The Testing of Hypotheses -- 8.2 Testing More Complex Hypotheses |
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