| Titre de série : |
Comprehensive treatise of electrochemistry, 3 |
| Titre : |
Electrochemical energy conversion and storage |
| Type de document : |
texte imprimé |
| Auteurs : |
John O'Mara Bockris (1923-....), Editeur scientifique ; Brian Evans Conway, Editeur scientifique ; Ernest Yeager (1924-....), Editeur scientifique |
| Editeur : |
New York - New York - États-Unis : Plenum Press |
| Année de publication : |
c1981 |
| Collection : |
Comprehensive treatise of electrochemistry num. 3 |
| Importance : |
1 vol. (xxii-540 p.) |
| Présentation : |
ill. |
| Format : |
26 cm |
| ISBN/ISSN/EAN : |
978-0-306-40590-7 |
| Catégories : |
Électricité -- Production par réaction chimique ; Électrochimie ; Électrochimie industrielle ; Énergie -- Conversion directe ; Énergie -- Stockage
|
| Index. décimale : |
541.3 7 |
| Note de contenu : |
PARTIE 1. ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND THE 21st CENTURY: 1. Time Scale -- 2. Electrochemistry as "The Other Chemistry" -- 3. On the Nature of Electrochemistry -- 4. The Relationship of Electrochemistry to Other Sciences -- 5. The Currently Expanding World and the Steady State World of the 21st Century -- 6. On the Media of Energy -- 7. Present Electrochemical Industry -- 8. Difficulties of Our Present Society -- 9. A Latter-Day Coal Age -- 10. Near-Future Leads in the Electrochemical Industry -- 11. Biomedical Applications -- 12. The Electrodeposition of Materials from High-Temperature Melts -- 13. Mineral Processing -- 14. Electrocatalysis -- 15. Material Conservation -- 16. Electro-organic Chemistry -- 17. High-Temperature Electrolytes -- 18. Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments -- 19. Electrochemistry for a Better World -- 20. Borderline Phenomena -- 21. Lack of Training in Electrochemistry -- References -- PARTIE 2. ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION: PRINCIPLES: 1. Introduction: 1.1. Historical Background of Fuel Cells -- 1.2. The Energy Conversion Methods: Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells Over Other Methods -- 1.3. Types of Fuel Cells and the Most Promising Systems -- 1.4. Role of Electrochemical Energy Conversion in Efficient Utilization of Primary Energy Sources -- 1.5. The Relevant Electrochemical Principles in Electrochemical Energy Conversion -- 2. Thermodynamic Aspects: 2.1. Reversible Potentials and Open-Circuit Potentials of Fuel Cells -- 2.2. Temperature and Pressure Coefficients of Reversible Potentials -- 2.3. Expressions for Efficiencies of Fuel Cells -- 2.4. Heat Changes under Reversible Conditions -- 3. Electrode Kinetic Aspects -- 3.1. Dependence of Cell Potential and of Differential Cell Resistance on Current -- 3.2. Dependence of Efficiency on Current Density -- 3.3. Dependence of Power on Current Density -- 3.4. Expressions for Maximum Power in Limiting Cases -- 3.5. Heat Generation -- 3.6. The Ideal Electrode Kinetic Parameters for Fuel Cells -- 4. Electrocatalysis -- 4.1. Major Role of Electrocatalysis in Electrochemical Energy Conversion -- 4.2. Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction -- 4.3. Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 4.4. Electro-organic Oxidation -- 4.5. Sintering of Supported Metal Crystallites -- 5. Porous Gas Diffusion Electrodes -- 5.1. Models -- 5.2. Current-Potential Relations and Current and Potential Distributions -- 5.3. Extent of Utilization of Total Surface Area of Supported Catalysts -- 5.4. Surface Area Measurements -- 5.5. Transient Techniques to Study Porous Electrode Phenomena -- 6. Fuel Cell Systems: Applications, Performance, and Economics: 6.1. Types of Applications of Fuel Cells -- 6.2. Fuel Cells for Electric and Gas Utility Application -- 6.3. Fuel Cells for Transportation -- 6.4. Fuel Cells for Space Applications -- 6.5. Important Parameters Determining Overall Efficiency and Cost 110 References -- PARTIE 3. ELECROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE: 1. Introduction: 1.1. The Need for Energy Storage -- 1.2. Energy Storage Technologies -- 2. The Theory of Galvanic Cells -- 2.1. Electrode Potentials -- 2.2. The Current-Potential Relation -- 2.3. Complete Galvanic Cells -- 2.4. The Galvanic Cell as Energy Converter -- 3. Electrochemical Storage Systems -- 3.1. Introductory Remarks -- 3.2. Rechargeable Batteries-Conventional Technology -- 3.3. Rechargeable Batteries-Future Systems -- 3.4. Primary Batteries -- 3.5. Fuel Cells -- 3.6. The Limits of Electrochemical Energy Storage (The "Super Battery") - 4. Summary and Outlook: 4.1. Industrial-Economical Aspects -- 4.2. Research Objectives -- References -- 4. PRIMARY BATTERIES: INTRODUCTION: 1. General Features: 1.1. Early Developments -- 1.2. Applications of Primary Batteries -- 1.3. Basic Principles -- 1.4. Kinetic Aspects of Electrode Reactions -- 1.5. Discharge-Voltage Characteristics -- 2. Classification of Primary Cells and Batteries -- 3. Some Properties of Cathodes, Anodes, and Electrolytes -- 3.1. Cathodes -- 3.2. Anodes -- 3.3. Electrolytes -- 4. Performances of Primary Cells 4.1. Theoretical Considerations." -- 4.2. Practical Outputs of Primary Cells -- References --- PARTIE 5. PRIMARY BATTERIES: LECLANCHE SYSTEMS: 1. Introduction -- 2. Progress in Performance -- 3. Major Technical Changes -- 4. Chemical Reactions in the Cell -- 5. New Cells and Future Study Areas -- References -- PARTIE 6. PRIMARY BATTERIES: ALKALINE MANGANESE DIOXIDE-ZINC BATTERIES: 1. Introduction -- 2. The History of the Alkaline MnO2-Zinc Cell -- 3. Electrochemistry of the Alkaline MnO2-Zinc System -- 4. Primary Alkaline MnO2-Zinc Cells: 4.1. Cell Designs -- 4.2. Performance Data -- 4.3. Physical Characteristics -- 5. Secondary Alkaline MnO2-Zinc Cells -- References -- PARTIE 7. PRIMARY BATTERIES: SEALED MERCURIAL CATHODE DRY CELLS: 1. Introduction -- 2. Cell Structures -- 3. Cell Discharge Characteristics -- 4. Internal Resistance of the Zn-HgO Cell during Discharge -- 5. Mercury Voltage Reference Cell -- 6. Rechargeable HgO Cells -- 7. Zinc Mercuric Dioxysulfate Cell -- 8. Cell Structures for Zinc-Mercuric Dioxysulfate Cells -- Suggested Reading -- PARTIE 8. PRIMARY BATTERIES: LITHIUM BATTERIES: 1. Introduction -- 2. Solid Cathode Cells: 2.1. Electrolyte Solution Considerations -- 2.2. Electrode and Cell Constructions -- 2.3. Specific Systems -- 3. Liquid Cathode Cells: 3.1. Electrolyte Solution Properties -- 3.2. Discharge Data on Liquid Cathode Cells -- 3.3. Anode Delay Phenomena -- 3.4. Safety Considerations -- 4. Summary and Future Possibilities -- References -- PARTIE 9. PRIMARY BATTERIES: SOLID ELECROLYTES: 1. Introduction -- 2. Conduction Mechanisms in Solid Electrolytes: 2.1. Ionic Defects in Crystals -- 2.2. Determination of Conduction Mechanism -- 2.3. Conductivity in Crystals Containing Excess Lattice Sites -- 2.4. Electronic Conductivity -- 3. Interface Effects in Solid Electrolyte Cells -- 4. Silver-Ion-Conducting Electrolyte Batteries -- 5. Lithium Iodide Electrolyte Batteries -- 6. Beta-Alumina Electrolyte Batteries -- Selected Reading -- References -- PARTIE 10. SECONDARY BATTERIES: 1. Classification, General Features, and Intercomparisons: 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Battery Features -- 1.3. Battery Applications.- 1.4. Characteristics and Classification of Secondary Batteries -- 1.5. Other Intercomparisons -- 2. New Ambient Temperature Batteries: 2.1. The Zinc-Nickel Oxide Battery -- 2.2. The Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Battery -- 2.3. The Zinc-Chlorine Battery -- 2.4. The Zinc-Bromine Battery -- 2.5. The Zinc-Air Battery -- 2.6. The Iron-Air Battery -- 2.7. The Hydrogen-Nickel Oxide Battery -- 2.8. The Hydrogen-Silver Oxide Battery -- 2.9. The Hydrogen-Oxygen Battery -- 2.10. The Hydrogen-Halogen Battery -- 2.11. The Redox Battery -- 2.12. The Lithium-Organic Electrolyte Battery -- References -- PARTIE 11. SECONDARY BATTERIES: NEW BATTERIES: HIGH TEMPERATURE: 1. Introduction -- 2. Cells with Solid Electrolytes: 2.1. The Sodium-Beta-Alumina-Sulfur Cell -- 2.2. The Sodium-Sodium-Glass-Sulfur Cell -- 2.3. The Sodium-Beta-Alumina-Antimony Trichloride Cell -- 2.4. The Sodium-Beta-Alumina-Sulfur Chloride Cell -- 3. Cells with Molten-Salt Electrolytes: 3.1. The Lithium-Aluminum-Lithium Chloride-Potassium Chloride-Iron Monosulfide Cell -- 3.2. The Lithium-Silicon-Lithium Chloride-Potassium Chloride-Iron Disulfide Cell -- 3.3. The Calcium-Silicon-Molten Halide-Iron Disulfide Cell ... -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- 12. SECONDARY BATTERIES: LEAD-ACID BATTERIES: 1. History -- 2. General Theory: 2.1. The Basic Electrochemical Reactions -- 2.2. Discharge Performance -- 2.3. Charging Performance -- 3. The Actual Appearance of Lead-Acid Batteries: 3.1. Electrode Designs -- 3.2. Design of Cells and Batteries -- Selected Reading -- 13. SECONDARY BATTERIES: NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERY: 1. Introduction -- 2. Thermodynamics and Kinetics -- 3. Materials, Electrodes, and Cells: 3.1. Materials -- 3.2. Electrode Types -- 3.3. Cell Types -- 4. Technical Performance: 4.1. Charge-Discharge Characteristic - 4.2. Charge Retention -- 4.3. Cycle Life -- 4.4. Maintenance -- 4.5. Energy Density and Efficiency -- 5. Application -- References -- 14. SECONDARY BATTERIES: SILVER-ZINC BATTERY: 1. Introduction -- 2. Thermodynamics and Kinetics -- 3. Electrodes and Cells: 3.1. Electrodes -- 3.2. Cell Types -- 4. Technical Performance: 4.1. Charge-Discharge Characteristic -- 4.2. Charge Retention -- 4.3. Cycle Life - 4.4. Maintenance - 4.5. Energy Density and Efficiency -- 5. Application -- References -- 15. ELECTROCHEMICAL POWER FOR TRANSPORTATION: 1. Introduction: 1.1. Historical Background -- 1.2. Modern Transportation Needs -- 1.3. Environmental and Energy Utilization Issues -- 2. Electric Transportation Vehicles: 2.1. Automobiles -- 2.2. Commercial Electric Vehicles -- 3. Electrochemical Power Source Requirements: 3.1. Vehicle Propulsion Power Calculations -- 3.2. Battery Power Requirements -- 3.3. Battery Energy Requirements -- 3.4. Durability and Cost Requirements -- 4. Identification of Candidate Power Sources for Electric Vehicles: 4.1. Battery Performance -- 4.2. Battery Durability -- 4.3. Battery Cost -- 4.4. Fuel Cells -- 5. Electrochemical Power Source Technology: 5.1. Ambient Temperature Batteries -- 5.2. High-Temperature Batteries -- 5.3. Fuel Cells -- 6. Summary and Concluding Remarks -- References -- PATIE 16. A HYDROGEN ECONOMY: 1. Histor -- 2. Hydrogen Economy and the Time Scale -- 3. Three Possible Energy Futures during the Coming Century: 3.1. Coal -- 3.2. Nuclear Hydrogen -- 3.3. Coal-Nuclear Future -- 4. A Solar-Hydrogen Economy -- 5. The Necessity of Beginning the Development of a Hydrogen Economy Several Decades before the Ending of the Fossil Fuel Supply -- 6. The Relationship of Hydrogen to Coal -- 7. The Method of Obtaining Hydrogen on a Massive Scale: 7.1. Hydrogen from Coal -- 7.2. Biomass -- 7.3. Hydroelectric Plants and the Electrolysis of Water -- 7.4. Hydrogen from Wind Power -- 7.5. Hydrogen from the Kinetic Energy of Natural Streams of Water in the Earth -- 8. The Manufacture of Hydrogen from Solar Energy -- 9. Methods of Decomposing Water -- 10. Electrochemical Decomposition of Water: 10.1. Classical Electrolyzers -- 10.2. Modern Electrolyzers -- 10.3. Electrolysis of Thermal Systems -- 11. Decomposition of Water by Light -- 12. Hydrogen at High Temperatures -- 13. The Cost Aspect of the Production of Hydrogen: 13.1. Time Scale -- 13.2. Cost and Price -- 13.3. Large- and Small-Scale Prices -- 13.4. The Cost of Electrochemical Processes in the Production of Hydrogen -- 13.5. The Production of Hydrogen from Coal -- 14. Applications of a Hydrogen Economy: 14.1. Transmission -- 14.2. Transduction -- 15. Storage of Energy: 15.1. Reservoirs -- 15.2. Liquefaction -- 15.3. Alloys -- 16. Safety Aspects of Hydrogen as a Fuel: 16.1. Hydrogen in Transport and Housing -- 16.2. Industry -- 16.3. Pollutional Aspects -- 17. The Hydrogen Economy as the Cheapest Economy -- 18. Electrochemical Technology from Hydrogen Economy: 18.1. Transportation -- 18.2. Industry -- References |
Comprehensive treatise of electrochemistry, 3. Electrochemical energy conversion and storage [texte imprimé] / John O'Mara Bockris (1923-....), Editeur scientifique ; Brian Evans Conway, Editeur scientifique ; Ernest Yeager (1924-....), Editeur scientifique . - New York - New York - États-Unis (New York - New York - États-Unis) : Plenum Press, c1981 . - 1 vol. (xxii-540 p.) : ill. ; 26 cm. - ( Comprehensive treatise of electrochemistry; 3) . ISBN : 978-0-306-40590-7
| Catégories : |
Électricité -- Production par réaction chimique ; Électrochimie ; Électrochimie industrielle ; Énergie -- Conversion directe ; Énergie -- Stockage
|
| Index. décimale : |
541.3 7 |
| Note de contenu : |
PARTIE 1. ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND THE 21st CENTURY: 1. Time Scale -- 2. Electrochemistry as "The Other Chemistry" -- 3. On the Nature of Electrochemistry -- 4. The Relationship of Electrochemistry to Other Sciences -- 5. The Currently Expanding World and the Steady State World of the 21st Century -- 6. On the Media of Energy -- 7. Present Electrochemical Industry -- 8. Difficulties of Our Present Society -- 9. A Latter-Day Coal Age -- 10. Near-Future Leads in the Electrochemical Industry -- 11. Biomedical Applications -- 12. The Electrodeposition of Materials from High-Temperature Melts -- 13. Mineral Processing -- 14. Electrocatalysis -- 15. Material Conservation -- 16. Electro-organic Chemistry -- 17. High-Temperature Electrolytes -- 18. Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments -- 19. Electrochemistry for a Better World -- 20. Borderline Phenomena -- 21. Lack of Training in Electrochemistry -- References -- PARTIE 2. ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION: PRINCIPLES: 1. Introduction: 1.1. Historical Background of Fuel Cells -- 1.2. The Energy Conversion Methods: Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells Over Other Methods -- 1.3. Types of Fuel Cells and the Most Promising Systems -- 1.4. Role of Electrochemical Energy Conversion in Efficient Utilization of Primary Energy Sources -- 1.5. The Relevant Electrochemical Principles in Electrochemical Energy Conversion -- 2. Thermodynamic Aspects: 2.1. Reversible Potentials and Open-Circuit Potentials of Fuel Cells -- 2.2. Temperature and Pressure Coefficients of Reversible Potentials -- 2.3. Expressions for Efficiencies of Fuel Cells -- 2.4. Heat Changes under Reversible Conditions -- 3. Electrode Kinetic Aspects -- 3.1. Dependence of Cell Potential and of Differential Cell Resistance on Current -- 3.2. Dependence of Efficiency on Current Density -- 3.3. Dependence of Power on Current Density -- 3.4. Expressions for Maximum Power in Limiting Cases -- 3.5. Heat Generation -- 3.6. The Ideal Electrode Kinetic Parameters for Fuel Cells -- 4. Electrocatalysis -- 4.1. Major Role of Electrocatalysis in Electrochemical Energy Conversion -- 4.2. Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction -- 4.3. Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 4.4. Electro-organic Oxidation -- 4.5. Sintering of Supported Metal Crystallites -- 5. Porous Gas Diffusion Electrodes -- 5.1. Models -- 5.2. Current-Potential Relations and Current and Potential Distributions -- 5.3. Extent of Utilization of Total Surface Area of Supported Catalysts -- 5.4. Surface Area Measurements -- 5.5. Transient Techniques to Study Porous Electrode Phenomena -- 6. Fuel Cell Systems: Applications, Performance, and Economics: 6.1. Types of Applications of Fuel Cells -- 6.2. Fuel Cells for Electric and Gas Utility Application -- 6.3. Fuel Cells for Transportation -- 6.4. Fuel Cells for Space Applications -- 6.5. Important Parameters Determining Overall Efficiency and Cost 110 References -- PARTIE 3. ELECROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE: 1. Introduction: 1.1. The Need for Energy Storage -- 1.2. Energy Storage Technologies -- 2. The Theory of Galvanic Cells -- 2.1. Electrode Potentials -- 2.2. The Current-Potential Relation -- 2.3. Complete Galvanic Cells -- 2.4. The Galvanic Cell as Energy Converter -- 3. Electrochemical Storage Systems -- 3.1. Introductory Remarks -- 3.2. Rechargeable Batteries-Conventional Technology -- 3.3. Rechargeable Batteries-Future Systems -- 3.4. Primary Batteries -- 3.5. Fuel Cells -- 3.6. The Limits of Electrochemical Energy Storage (The "Super Battery") - 4. Summary and Outlook: 4.1. Industrial-Economical Aspects -- 4.2. Research Objectives -- References -- 4. PRIMARY BATTERIES: INTRODUCTION: 1. General Features: 1.1. Early Developments -- 1.2. Applications of Primary Batteries -- 1.3. Basic Principles -- 1.4. Kinetic Aspects of Electrode Reactions -- 1.5. Discharge-Voltage Characteristics -- 2. Classification of Primary Cells and Batteries -- 3. Some Properties of Cathodes, Anodes, and Electrolytes -- 3.1. Cathodes -- 3.2. Anodes -- 3.3. Electrolytes -- 4. Performances of Primary Cells 4.1. Theoretical Considerations." -- 4.2. Practical Outputs of Primary Cells -- References --- PARTIE 5. PRIMARY BATTERIES: LECLANCHE SYSTEMS: 1. Introduction -- 2. Progress in Performance -- 3. Major Technical Changes -- 4. Chemical Reactions in the Cell -- 5. New Cells and Future Study Areas -- References -- PARTIE 6. PRIMARY BATTERIES: ALKALINE MANGANESE DIOXIDE-ZINC BATTERIES: 1. Introduction -- 2. The History of the Alkaline MnO2-Zinc Cell -- 3. Electrochemistry of the Alkaline MnO2-Zinc System -- 4. Primary Alkaline MnO2-Zinc Cells: 4.1. Cell Designs -- 4.2. Performance Data -- 4.3. Physical Characteristics -- 5. Secondary Alkaline MnO2-Zinc Cells -- References -- PARTIE 7. PRIMARY BATTERIES: SEALED MERCURIAL CATHODE DRY CELLS: 1. Introduction -- 2. Cell Structures -- 3. Cell Discharge Characteristics -- 4. Internal Resistance of the Zn-HgO Cell during Discharge -- 5. Mercury Voltage Reference Cell -- 6. Rechargeable HgO Cells -- 7. Zinc Mercuric Dioxysulfate Cell -- 8. Cell Structures for Zinc-Mercuric Dioxysulfate Cells -- Suggested Reading -- PARTIE 8. PRIMARY BATTERIES: LITHIUM BATTERIES: 1. Introduction -- 2. Solid Cathode Cells: 2.1. Electrolyte Solution Considerations -- 2.2. Electrode and Cell Constructions -- 2.3. Specific Systems -- 3. Liquid Cathode Cells: 3.1. Electrolyte Solution Properties -- 3.2. Discharge Data on Liquid Cathode Cells -- 3.3. Anode Delay Phenomena -- 3.4. Safety Considerations -- 4. Summary and Future Possibilities -- References -- PARTIE 9. PRIMARY BATTERIES: SOLID ELECROLYTES: 1. Introduction -- 2. Conduction Mechanisms in Solid Electrolytes: 2.1. Ionic Defects in Crystals -- 2.2. Determination of Conduction Mechanism -- 2.3. Conductivity in Crystals Containing Excess Lattice Sites -- 2.4. Electronic Conductivity -- 3. Interface Effects in Solid Electrolyte Cells -- 4. Silver-Ion-Conducting Electrolyte Batteries -- 5. Lithium Iodide Electrolyte Batteries -- 6. Beta-Alumina Electrolyte Batteries -- Selected Reading -- References -- PARTIE 10. SECONDARY BATTERIES: 1. Classification, General Features, and Intercomparisons: 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Battery Features -- 1.3. Battery Applications.- 1.4. Characteristics and Classification of Secondary Batteries -- 1.5. Other Intercomparisons -- 2. New Ambient Temperature Batteries: 2.1. The Zinc-Nickel Oxide Battery -- 2.2. The Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Battery -- 2.3. The Zinc-Chlorine Battery -- 2.4. The Zinc-Bromine Battery -- 2.5. The Zinc-Air Battery -- 2.6. The Iron-Air Battery -- 2.7. The Hydrogen-Nickel Oxide Battery -- 2.8. The Hydrogen-Silver Oxide Battery -- 2.9. The Hydrogen-Oxygen Battery -- 2.10. The Hydrogen-Halogen Battery -- 2.11. The Redox Battery -- 2.12. The Lithium-Organic Electrolyte Battery -- References -- PARTIE 11. SECONDARY BATTERIES: NEW BATTERIES: HIGH TEMPERATURE: 1. Introduction -- 2. Cells with Solid Electrolytes: 2.1. The Sodium-Beta-Alumina-Sulfur Cell -- 2.2. The Sodium-Sodium-Glass-Sulfur Cell -- 2.3. The Sodium-Beta-Alumina-Antimony Trichloride Cell -- 2.4. The Sodium-Beta-Alumina-Sulfur Chloride Cell -- 3. Cells with Molten-Salt Electrolytes: 3.1. The Lithium-Aluminum-Lithium Chloride-Potassium Chloride-Iron Monosulfide Cell -- 3.2. The Lithium-Silicon-Lithium Chloride-Potassium Chloride-Iron Disulfide Cell -- 3.3. The Calcium-Silicon-Molten Halide-Iron Disulfide Cell ... -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- 12. SECONDARY BATTERIES: LEAD-ACID BATTERIES: 1. History -- 2. General Theory: 2.1. The Basic Electrochemical Reactions -- 2.2. Discharge Performance -- 2.3. Charging Performance -- 3. The Actual Appearance of Lead-Acid Batteries: 3.1. Electrode Designs -- 3.2. Design of Cells and Batteries -- Selected Reading -- 13. SECONDARY BATTERIES: NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERY: 1. Introduction -- 2. Thermodynamics and Kinetics -- 3. Materials, Electrodes, and Cells: 3.1. Materials -- 3.2. Electrode Types -- 3.3. Cell Types -- 4. Technical Performance: 4.1. Charge-Discharge Characteristic - 4.2. Charge Retention -- 4.3. Cycle Life -- 4.4. Maintenance -- 4.5. Energy Density and Efficiency -- 5. Application -- References -- 14. SECONDARY BATTERIES: SILVER-ZINC BATTERY: 1. Introduction -- 2. Thermodynamics and Kinetics -- 3. Electrodes and Cells: 3.1. Electrodes -- 3.2. Cell Types -- 4. Technical Performance: 4.1. Charge-Discharge Characteristic -- 4.2. Charge Retention -- 4.3. Cycle Life - 4.4. Maintenance - 4.5. Energy Density and Efficiency -- 5. Application -- References -- 15. ELECTROCHEMICAL POWER FOR TRANSPORTATION: 1. Introduction: 1.1. Historical Background -- 1.2. Modern Transportation Needs -- 1.3. Environmental and Energy Utilization Issues -- 2. Electric Transportation Vehicles: 2.1. Automobiles -- 2.2. Commercial Electric Vehicles -- 3. Electrochemical Power Source Requirements: 3.1. Vehicle Propulsion Power Calculations -- 3.2. Battery Power Requirements -- 3.3. Battery Energy Requirements -- 3.4. Durability and Cost Requirements -- 4. Identification of Candidate Power Sources for Electric Vehicles: 4.1. Battery Performance -- 4.2. Battery Durability -- 4.3. Battery Cost -- 4.4. Fuel Cells -- 5. Electrochemical Power Source Technology: 5.1. Ambient Temperature Batteries -- 5.2. High-Temperature Batteries -- 5.3. Fuel Cells -- 6. Summary and Concluding Remarks -- References -- PATIE 16. A HYDROGEN ECONOMY: 1. Histor -- 2. Hydrogen Economy and the Time Scale -- 3. Three Possible Energy Futures during the Coming Century: 3.1. Coal -- 3.2. Nuclear Hydrogen -- 3.3. Coal-Nuclear Future -- 4. A Solar-Hydrogen Economy -- 5. The Necessity of Beginning the Development of a Hydrogen Economy Several Decades before the Ending of the Fossil Fuel Supply -- 6. The Relationship of Hydrogen to Coal -- 7. The Method of Obtaining Hydrogen on a Massive Scale: 7.1. Hydrogen from Coal -- 7.2. Biomass -- 7.3. Hydroelectric Plants and the Electrolysis of Water -- 7.4. Hydrogen from Wind Power -- 7.5. Hydrogen from the Kinetic Energy of Natural Streams of Water in the Earth -- 8. The Manufacture of Hydrogen from Solar Energy -- 9. Methods of Decomposing Water -- 10. Electrochemical Decomposition of Water: 10.1. Classical Electrolyzers -- 10.2. Modern Electrolyzers -- 10.3. Electrolysis of Thermal Systems -- 11. Decomposition of Water by Light -- 12. Hydrogen at High Temperatures -- 13. The Cost Aspect of the Production of Hydrogen: 13.1. Time Scale -- 13.2. Cost and Price -- 13.3. Large- and Small-Scale Prices -- 13.4. The Cost of Electrochemical Processes in the Production of Hydrogen -- 13.5. The Production of Hydrogen from Coal -- 14. Applications of a Hydrogen Economy: 14.1. Transmission -- 14.2. Transduction -- 15. Storage of Energy: 15.1. Reservoirs -- 15.2. Liquefaction -- 15.3. Alloys -- 16. Safety Aspects of Hydrogen as a Fuel: 16.1. Hydrogen in Transport and Housing -- 16.2. Industry -- 16.3. Pollutional Aspects -- 17. The Hydrogen Economy as the Cheapest Economy -- 18. Electrochemical Technology from Hydrogen Economy: 18.1. Transportation -- 18.2. Industry -- References |
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